KW

Kennedy-Wilson Holdings, Inc.
Real Estate·Real Estate - Services
$11.01
$1.5B market cap
Claude Rating
4/10UNDERWEIGHT
Revenue
$489.9M
Free Cash Flow
$-33.8M
Rev Growth
-8.7%
FCF Margin
-6.9%
P/FCF
--
EV/FCF
--
Fwd EV/EBITDA
19.2x
Fair Value
$11.50
Upside
+4.5%

Kennedy-Wilson Holdings, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, operates as a real estate investment company. The company owns, operates, and invests in real estate both on its own and through its investment management platform. It focuses on multifamily and office properties located in the Western United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain, Italy, and Japan. As of December 31, 2021, the company had ownership interests in 10,460 multifamily units, 4.9 million square feet of office space, 3

2-Year Price History

$10.99+18.0%
$6.0$7.0$8.0$9.0$10$11volMay 24Sep 24Jan 25May 25Sep 25Jan 26May 26

Quarterly Financials & Projections

Quarterly Waterfall ($ M)
PeriodRevEBITDAOpInNIOCFFCFCapExCashDebtSharesROICIntCovEV/EBITDA
Est2027-Q4148.0103.6--14.8--41.4-16.3299.3----------
Est2027-Q3138.080.0---2.8--11.0-12.4257.9----------
Est2027-Q2142.089.5--7.1--28.4-14.2246.9----------
Est2027-Q1132.073.9---10.6---13.2-10.6218.5----------
Est2026-Q4140.095.2--11.2--35.0-16.8231.7----------
Est2026-Q3130.071.5---6.5--6.5-11.7196.7----------
Est2026-Q2135.083.7--2.7--24.3-13.5190.2----------
Est2026-Q1125.072.5---15.0---18.8-10.0165.9----------
Act2026-Q1117.2104.411.224.6-87.9-97.4-9.5184.64,853139.20.9%1.8x13.6x
Act2025-Q4120.6158.2-0.440.588.052.2-35.8-2.54,508137.9-0.0%2.8x13.8x
Act2025-Q3116.483.88.4-10.4-7.6-18.0-10.4382.64,611137.90.5%--12.9x
Act2025-Q2135.7107.025.34.542.029.4-12.6309.14,622138.01.8%1.7x15.9x
Act2025-Q1128.361.021.5-29.9-51.9-59.7-7.8356.64,998137.81.7%1.0x21.5x
Act2024-Q4135.5151.57.544.029.68.8-20.8217.54,785137.90.4%2.3x15.7x
Act2024-Q3127.526.372.1-66.6-10.478.3-88.7367.15,233137.45.3%0.4x98.9x
Act2024-Q2132.040.121.8-48.236.7-0.5-37.2366.55,222137.61.6%0.6x108.3x
Act2024-Q1136.4168.022.337.8-5.6-57.1-51.5541.95,317138.61.0%2.6x94.3x
Act2023-Q4142.6-171.712.4-236.994.423.7-70.7313.75,298139.00.9%-2.6x--
Act2023-Q3143.819.20.0-81.4-0.4-53.4-53.0330.95,251139.40.0%0.3x37.5x
Act2023-Q2146.553.510.147.464.710.4-54.3387.05,335139.60.4%0.8x25.9x
Act2023-Q1132.249.810.4-28.7-67.0-106.2-39.2349.35,586138.00.7%0.8x23.0x
Act2022-Q4139.670.330.130.537.6-14.0-51.6439.35,587137.41.3%1.2x17.7x
Act2022-Q3139.6105.058.924.316.8-32.8-49.6420.35,527137.13.0%1.8x--
Act2022-Q2136.196.041.9-0.937.44.3-33.1460.65,718136.82.6%1.8x--
Act2022-Q1124.7140.196.840.1-58.9-85.5-26.6462.15,414150.45.8%2.8x--

AI Analysis

LLM Evaluations

Claude4/10UNDERWEIGHTFV: $11.50

Kennedy-Wilson is a complex, highly leveraged real estate company with $7.6B in debt against a $1.5B market cap, transitioning from a balance-sheet owner-operator to an asset-light investment management platform. The business has genuine strategic merit—$31B AUM growing at 11% YoY, fee income scaling 20-25% annually, and a compelling rental housing thesis. However, the take-private bid at $10.90 from CEO McMorrow and Fairfax effectively caps public shareholder upside while creating severe governance conflicts. The underlying earnings quality is poor: persistent GAAP net losses masked by gain-on-sale activity and Level 3 fair value marks, interest coverage hovering near 2x, and FCF that is negligible relative to the enterprise value. The stock trades as a merger arb situation with limited fundamental upside for public holders. If the deal breaks, downside to $8-9 is plausible given the weak standalone fundamentals, high leverage, and frozen transaction market. This is an AVOID—the risk/reward is asymmetric in the wrong direction for a long position, but not compelling enough as a short given the deal floor.

Catalyst Take-private deal close at $10.90 provides a modest ~1-2% return from current levels; alternatively, a competing bid or deal break would reset the investment thesis entirely. Toll Brothers platform closing could demonstrate fee income scaling.
Risk Deal break risk is the primary concern—if the McMorrow/Fairfax take-private fails (class-action lawsuit, financing issues, or regulatory block), the stock likely drops 15-20% to $8.50-9.00 given weak standalone fundamentals, sub-2x interest coverage, and massive leverage.
Trend
IMPROVING
Mgmt
5/10
Quarter
6/10
Exp. Move
+0.5%

Latest Earnings Call

Transcript Summary

Kennedy-Wilson’s Q3 2025 results were highlighted by the announcement of a take-private proposal from CEO Bill McMorrow and Fairfax Financial. Despite the potential for a major structural change, the company's operational transition to an investment management-led model continued to show momentum. AUM grew 11% to $31 billion, with adjusted EBITDA nearly doubling to $125 million compared to the prior year. The company’s rental housing focus was bolstered by the pending acquisition of Toll Brothers’ apartment platform, which is set to add $5 billion in AUM and thousands of units to the pipeline. Credit originations remained strong, totaling $2.6 billion year-to-date, primarily focused on residential construction. Management successfully exceeded its asset sale targets, generating $470 million in cash year-to-date, which helped facilitate the payoff of $352 million in legacy bonds. While European office occupancy dipped to 91% due to lease expirations, management reported active re-leasing activity at higher rents. The company's pro forma outlook, including the Toll Brothers deal, suggests an AUM of $36 billion with a heavy concentration in the resilient rental housing sector, though the take-private bid remains a primary point of uncertainty for shareholders.

Valuation & Metrics

Market Stats

Price$11.01
Market Cap$1.5B
Enterprise Value$6.2B
P/S Ratio3.1x
P/FCF--
EV/FCF--
FCF Margin (TTM)-6.9%
FCF Yield-2.2%
Dividend Yield (TTM)--
Annual Dilution1.1%
CurrencyUSD

TTM Financial Snapshot

Revenue$489.9M
Net Income$59.2M
Free Cash Flow$-33.8M

Revenue Growth (YoY)-8.7%
EBITDA Margin92.5%
Net Margin12.1%
FCF Margin-6.9%
CapEx % of Revenue13.9%
SBC % of Revenue3.6%
ROIC0.8%
WC Change % Rev43.8%
Interest Coverage2.5x

DCF Fair Value Estimate

$0.41
-96.3% upside
Fair Enterprise Value$570M
− Net Debt$4.7B
= Fair Equity$57M
Revenue Growth5.7% → 3.0%
FCF Margin-6.9% → 12.0%
Discount Rate16.0%
Terminal EV/FCF10.0x

Forward Outlook & Risk

Short Interest

Short % of Float3.0%
Short Shares3.7M
Days to Cover4.6
Change (vs Prior)-6.4%
Short % Float History
3.00%+0.50pp
2.4%2.6%2.8%3.0%3.2%3.4%04-3007-1509-1511-1401-1504-30

Options

Call IV (ATM)119%
Put IV (ATM)--
ATM Spread43.7%
Call $OI (near money)$992
Put $OI (near money)$455
ATM ExpiryJuly 17, 2026 (56D)
ATM Strike$10.0
Major Expirations3
Near-money chain · July 17, 2026
StrikeCall Bid/AskCall OIPut Bid/AskPut OI
$2.50$6.20/$11.000--/$4.800
$5.00$3.70/$8.500--/$4.800
$7.50$1.15/$6.000--/$3.000
$10.00$0.10/$4.900--/$0.100
$12.50--/$0.050$0.05/$4.900
$15.00--/$4.800$1.75/$6.500
$17.50--/$4.800$4.20/$9.000
$20.00--/$4.800$6.70/$11.500
Snapshot: 2026-05-22

Forward Projections & Estimates

NTM Revenue Growth+8.2%
Forward FCF Margin8.9%
Forward EBITDA Margin60.9%
Forward P/FCF32.6x
Forward EV/FCF131.8x
Forward Int. Coverage1.4x
Model Risk Score8/10
Bankruptcy Odds12%
Est. Borrow Rate8.5%
Terminal EV/FCF10.0x
LT Growth3.0%
LT FCF Margin12.0%

Employees

Headcount244
Revenue / Employee$2,007,787
Gross Profit / Employee$93,033
2021: 220 → 2022: 230 → 2023: 259 → 2024: 246 (4% CAGR)

Institutional Ownership

Headline & net flow

NET BUYING

In Q1 2026 so far (quarter still filing), institutions are net buyers — bought 15.3% of float, sold 5.9%. 3 filers moved >1% of shares (2 buying, 1 selling).

Net flow · Q1 2026still filing
+9.4% of float (net)
Bought 15.3% · Sold 5.9%
238 filers reported (last quarter: 247)

Ownership composition

Active
45.6%(+8.4% YoY)
220 filers
hedge / family / endowment
Retail funds
Fidelity, Schwab, 401(k)
Passive
25.5%(-4.5% YoY)
6 filers
Vanguard, iShares, SPDR
Market makers
0.1%(-0.1% YoY)
4 filers
Citadel, Susquehanna
Insiders
15.6%
Form 4 — latest per insider
0%25%50%75%100%2022-062023-032023-122024-092025-062026-03
ActiveRetail fundsPassiveMarket makersRetail direct

Top holders

Fund$ valueCost basisΔ QoQΔ YoYα lifeFund AUM
BlackRock, Inc.Passive$230M$10.24−$128K+$3.9M-0.2%$5.69T
FAIRFAX FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LTD/ CAN$144M$19.31+$0+$0+0.2%$1.94B
STATE STREET CORPPassive$64.3M$14.55−$1.1M−$773K-0.2%$2.89T
FIL Ltd$59.9M$10.82+$59.9M+$59.9M+0.2%$128.59B
DIMENSIONAL FUND ADVISORS LPPassive$45.8M$12.86−$5.4M−$2.6M-0.4%$480.92B
ELKHORN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP$45.4M$11.32−$384K−$97K-0.3%$157M
Alberta Investment Management Corp$42.7M$9.16−$1.7M+$14.0M-0.3%$14.74B
GEODE CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLCPassive$34.5M$11.17+$632K+$2.3M+2.3%$1.61T
SUMITOMO MITSUI FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.$29.9M$8.06+$0+$29.9M+0.4%$4.92B
Vivaldi Asset Management, LLC$25.3M$10.82+$25.3M+$25.3M+3.3%$1.90B
CHARLES SCHWAB INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT INC$21.8M$10.54−$385K+$271K+1.0%$645.81B
MACKENZIE FINANCIAL CORP$16.5M$10.32−$13.7M−$32.0M-0.6%$83.32B
GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC$16.2M$11.05+$2.5M+$3.7M-0.2%$760.93B
NORTHERN TRUST CORPPassive$15.7M$10.61+$813K−$1.1M-0.2%$755.34B
MORGAN STANLEY$15.5M$10.13−$2.8M−$10.1M-0.3%$1.65T
Sagefield Capital LP$13.7M$10.73+$12.6M+$13.7M-0.1%$1.39B
Rock Point Advisors, LLC$13.2M$9.45−$252K+$1.8M-1.6%$369M
EVERGREEN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC$12.6M$8.07−$216K+$12.5M-0.0%$4.56B
GLAZER CAPITAL, LLC$10.2M$10.82+$10.2M+$10.2M+8.8%$4.51B
MILLENNIUM MANAGEMENT LLC$9.5M$9.80+$9.1M+$2.1M-0.5%$127.40B
Cost basis is a volume-weighted estimate from accumulation periods within our 13F history; holders who built their position before our window started will show a stale basis. % above the cost basis is the unrealized gain at the current price.

Trading behavior

Smart-money alpha (lifetime, %/qtr)BULLISH
Holders
-0.19%
avg per quarter
Holders (ex-self)
+0.17%
excl. this stock
Buyers (this Q)
+0.69%
97 buyers · $0.20B in
Sellers (this Q)
-0.28%
84 sellers · $0.03B out
alpha coverage: 100% of $ has a lifetime-alpha record
Holder behavior on this stocksource: stock
On big dips (−10%+)
+5.0%
how holders react when this stock falls
On quiet Qs
-8.1%
−10% to +10% baseline
On rallies (+10%+)
-8.1%
how they react when this stock rises
Holders' portfolio flow this Q
-0.2%
outflows — trims may be forced
Sellers' portfolio flow this Q
+1.5%
Sellers grew AUM elsewhere — opinionated cut of this stock.
▸ Compare to holder-profile behavior (across all their stocks)
Holder dip (any stock)
-0.3%
Holder mid (any stock)
-1.4%
Holder rally (any stock)
-5.7%

Top Holders Over Time

5-year share-count history (top 10 holders by peak, incl. exited) + price

011.2M22.3M33.5M44.6M$6.62$9.79$13$16$192021-062022-062023-062024-062025-062026-03
hover the chart for per-quarter detailprice (right axis)
FAIRFAX FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LTD/ CAN13.3MPRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP INC583KROYCE & ASSOCIATES LPMACKENZIE FINANCIAL CORP1.5MELKHORN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP4.2MFIDUCIARY MANAGEMENT INC /WI/GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC1.5MFIL Ltd5.5MRanger Global Real Estate Advisors, LLCTimesSquare Capital Management, LLC

Corporate

Executive Compensation (2022-2024)

Direct Pay$171.9M
Incentive & Other$63.3M
Total Compensation$235.2M
% of Revenue14.9%

Order Flow (FINRA, ~3w lag)

12.7%retail-7.2pp
19.8%dark-6.1pp
week of 2026-04-13
10%15%20%25%30%24-1125-0225-0525-0825-1126-0226-04retail (non-ATS)dark (ATS)
Off-exchange volume from FINRA. Retail = non-ATS (wholesaler PFOF + broker internalization). Dark = ATS (dark-pool crossing networks, institutional). Lit-exchange = remainder.

Revenue Breakdown

Revenue Segments

By Product (2026-Q1)
Rental Services$84.8M-13%
Investment Management Fees$27.8M+11%
Real Estate$4.5M-22%
Other Revenue$0.1M-50%
By Geography (2018-Q4)
IRELAND$8.1MNEW

Filing Risk Analysis

Filing Risk Scores

Kennedy-Wilson Holdings: Non-Cash Fair Value Gains Masking Structural Liquidity Stress and Active Debt Defaults

Overall Risk
8/10
Fraud
4/10
Dilution
7/10
Insolvency
9/10
Earnings Overstated
8/10
Hidden Liabilities
6/10
Legal
7/10
Audit Warnings
5/10
Hidden Upside
3/10
Contextually Acceptable
3/10

Counter-Thesis

Counter-Thesis & Recent News

📰 Recent News

In February 2026, a management-led consortium including CEO William McMorrow and Fairfax Financial Holdings launched a $1.65 billion take-private bid for Kennedy-Wilson at $10.90 per share (USA Herald). By March 2026, the company abruptly terminated its previously announced exchange offers for senior notes due 2029-2031, signaling a pivot in its liability management strategy amid the pending merger (Business Wire).

🐻 Bear Case

The bear case centers on stagnant revenue growth and a heavy reliance on asset sales to manage a massive $7.6 billion debt load, which dwarfs its $669 million cash position (Seeking Alpha). Analysts highlight that the current $0.12 quarterly dividend is not well-covered by earnings or free cash flow, posing a significant risk of a cut if the take-private deal fails or market conditions worsen (Simply Wall St). Furthermore, the $10.90 buyout price effectively caps upside potential for current investors while forcing an exit during a real estate market trough.

🚩 Red Flags

A major class-action lawsuit (Taylor v. Kennedy-Wilson) was filed in Delaware Chancery Court in February 2026, alleging the buyout violates anti-takeover statutes because the buyer consortium became 'interested stockholders' months before the board's approval (Bloomberg Law). JP Morgan recently downgraded the stock to 'Underweight,' citing weak operating fundamentals and an interest coverage ratio below 2.0x, which worries credit analysts (GuruFocus).

⚔️ Competitive Threats

KW faces severe structural headwinds in its office portfolio, as national office vacancy rates reached 14.1% in early 2026 (InvestWithCarbon). High mortgage rates (6-7%) have frozen transaction volumes, making the 'capital recycling' model—buying, improving, and selling assets—far less profitable and more capital-intensive compared to more liquid REIT peers.

💬 Customer Sentiment

Shareholder sentiment is overwhelmingly negative regarding the take-private transaction; investors have voiced through multiple law firms (Kaskela, Levi & Korsinsky) that the $10.90 offer is an 'unfair price' that significantly undervalues the company's long-term housing transition to benefit management at the expense of public holders (PR Newswire).

Full Earnings Call Transcript

Full Earnings Call Transcript — Q3 • 2025-11-06

Operator: Good day, and welcome to the Kennedy-Wilson Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call and webcast. [Operator Instructions] Please note, this event is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to Daven Bhavsar, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Daven Bhavsar: Thank you, and good morning. Thank you for joining us today. Today's call will be webcast live and will be archived for replay. The replay will be available by phone for 1 week and by webcast for 3 months. Please see the Investor Relations website for more information. With me today are Bill McMorrow, CEO; Matt Windisch, President; Justin Enbody, CFO; and Mike Pegler, President of Europe. On this call, we will refer to certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income. You can find a description of these items along with the reconciliation of the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure and our third quarter 2025 earnings release, which is posted on the Investor Relations section of our website. Statements made during this call may include forward-looking statements. Actual results may materially differ from forward-looking information discussed on this call due to the number of risks, uncertainties and other factors indicated in reports and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. As you may have seen in our Form 8-K that we filed on Tuesday, the Board of Directors of the company have received a proposal letter from a consortium consisting of Bill McMorrow, our Chairman and CEO; and Fairfax Financial Holdings Limited about a potential take-private transaction. The Board has formed a special committee to evaluate the proposal and its options. The company does not plan to provide any updates on an ongoing basis until there is a definitive transaction to announce or the process has been terminated. We will not be taking any questions with respect to this potential transaction or any related matters on today's call. I would now like to turn the call over to Bill McMorrow.
William J. McMorrow: Thanks, Daven. We reported our results for the third quarter of 2025 yesterday, which reflects the progress we achieved on expanding our investment management platform while executing on our noncore asset sale plan. Starting with our quarterly highlights. We saw improvement across several of our key financial metrics in the quarter, including adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income compared to Q3 of last year. Driving our results was the growth in our investment management business with assets under management growing to $31 billion in Q3, which reflects an increase of 11% year-over-year. Fee-bearing capital grew to $9.7 billion, an increase of 10% from a year ago. Fee-bearing capital has now grown by approximately 20% per year over the last 4 years. Growth in our fee business this quarter was driven by capital deployment, supported by improving liquidity across the commercial real estate market. We deployed or committed approximately $900 million in Q3, driving total capital deployment to $3.5 billion year-to-date through September. Capital deployment in the quarter was largely focused toward rental housing-related credit and equity investments. On the credit side, we originated another $600 million in new rental housing construction loans, driving total originations to $2.6 billion for the year. Our share of these loans is 2.5%. Since July of 2023, our credit team has surpassed $6 billion of new loan originations, while also successfully realizing over $2 billion of repayments from loans purchased as part of the PacWestern Bank loan portfolio transaction. On the credit side, our comingled U.S. fund acquired 3 multifamily communities and an industrial property for a combined total of $173 million. In Europe, our investment activity remains centered around expanding our U.K. single-family rental platform with CPPIB. There remains a meaningful housing supply-demand imbalance driven by population growth as well as the cost of purchasing a new home. In Q3, we added $62 million in new investments, which brings our total portfolio to 1,300 homes. Since launching in Q4 of last year, the platform has demonstrated good momentum, reaching approximately $585 million of committed capital relative to the initial $1.3 billion purchase target. In our co-investment portfolio, we recapitalized 2 existing U.S. multifamily joint ventures, reducing our ownership from 51% to 10%. We also sold a smaller wholly owned multifamily asset built in 1988 located in suburban Salt Lake City. Our Q3 sale and recap activity generated approximately $200 million of cash to KW, $130 million of additional fee-bearing capital and $30 million of realized gains. Year-to-date, we have generated $470 million of cash from our asset sales to KW and exceeded our target of $400 million for the year. We have achieved real progress on our initiatives over the last 2 years to grow our investment management business. In 2023, we added the credit team from regional bank, growing that platform from $4 billion to $10 billion in AUM today. In 2024, we launched our U.K. single-family rental platform, as I mentioned, targeting $1.3 billion in asset purchases where we are approximately $0.50 committed against that target. And in September, we announced our pending acquisition of Toll Brothers Apartment Living platform, including its in-house development team. The transaction will include a minority interest in 18 apartment communities and student housing properties, $3 billion of assets that Kennedy-Wilson will manage on behalf of Toll Brothers and a development pipeline, which would total approximately $3.6 billion in new development projects. This combination will create immediate scale for our investment management platform. First, the acquisition will immediately add $5 billion to assets under management and includes a portfolio of 21,000 existing and planned units. On a pro forma basis, our total AUM is expected to increase to $36 billion, of which over 70% will be attributable to rental housing. Our national rental housing platform would grow to over 90,000 units, inclusive of the units we currently own, we are financing or have in the development pipeline. Turning to the markets in general. We continue to see improvement in both the cost of capital and availability of capital with lower borrowing costs and spreads supportive of higher transaction levels. Rental fundamentals remain strong as the structural undersupply of housing across all our markets remains a long-term tailwind and renting continues to be significantly more affordable than buying. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Justin Enbody, our CFO.
Justin Enbody: Thanks, Bill. I'll begin with a review of our Q3 financial results and then discuss the balance sheet. GAAP EPS for the first quarter totaled a loss of $0.15 per share compared to a loss of $0.56 per share in Q3 of last year. Adjusted EBITDA totaled $125 million in Q3 and was up almost double from $66 million in Q3 of last year. For the year, adjusted EBITDA has increased 6% to $371 million. Q3 baseline EBITDA was steady at $101 million, resulting in trailing 12-month baseline EBITDA of $425 million. Our results reflect further growth in investment management fees, which increased by 8% in the quarter and an impressive 23% year-to-date. We also saw improving results from our unconsolidated investments with increases to both our share of revenues, carried interest and gains on sale, all resulting in a $55 million increase in income from unconsolidated investments compared to Q3 in 2024. Now turning to our balance sheet. In October, we paid off the last tranche of our KWE unsecured bonds totaling $352 million. This payoff completes the repayment of 2 legacy bond issuances dating back to 2015 and greatly simplifies our capital -- debt capital structure going forward. The payoff was funded in part from cash generated from our recap transactions, asset sales as well as our line of credit, which we will look to reduce in the next few quarters from additional sales of noncore assets. Our debt -- our total debt is 96% fixed or hedged with a weighted average maturity of 4.5 years and a weighted average effective interest rate of 4.7%. We also have $255 million of consolidated unrestricted cash. With that, I'll now hand it over to Matt Windisch for a portfolio update.
Matthew Windisch: Thanks, Justin. Our portfolio of stabilized real estate investments generates estimated annual NOI of $434 million to KW with 70% positioned in our 2 key conviction sectors, rental housing and industrial. In the rental housing sector, there remains a long-term undersupply of housing and homeownership remains unaffordable. After record supply last year, future new supply is decreasing. Demand remains strong across our portfolio with occupancy ending the quarter at over 94%. U.S. same-store NOI grew by 2.4% for our market rate portfolio. Revenues were up 1.3% and expenses were down due to favorable property taxes in certain markets and reduced insurance costs. Leasing spreads totaled 1.4% in Q3 with renewal spreads increasing by 3.4% and new leasing spreads declining by 1%. At quarter end, our loss to lease totaled 3.3%. I'd like to highlight a few regional stats. The strongest growth came from our Pacific Northwest portfolio, where NOIs grew by 3%. This region benefited from return to office mandates with limited new supply being delivered. The Mountain West, our largest region, saw a 2.6% NOI growth. In particular, our assets in Idaho benefited from higher occupancy, lower bad debt and lower real estate taxes, resulting in 6.8% NOI growth. In Southern California, our lower density suburban portfolio generated 2% revenue and NOI growth with same-store occupancy at 96%, while our smallest region, Northern California, saw NOIs fall by 1.5%. Our vintage housing affordable portfolio surpassed 11,000 units in the quarter. Same-store NOI was flat in Q3 as rental increases were offset by higher expenses incurred in the quarter. We remain on track to stabilize another 2,000 units, which are currently in lease-up or development. We are also actively evaluating new opportunities to further expand our affordable portfolio platform. In Ireland, same-property occupancy grew by 1.7%, primarily at our newly completed assets, resulting in revenue growth and NOI growth of 6%. Moving over to our office portfolio. 76% of our stabilized office portfolio is in Europe, where same-property NOI decreased by 6% and was impacted by a 5% decline in occupancy. However, our asset management teams have quickly signed agreements for lease for a bulk of the vacated space. Our European stabilized office portfolio ended the quarter with 91% occupancy. In closing, we saw continued growth in our investment management business in Q3, while at the same time, monetizing noncore assets. Finally, we look forward to closing the pending transaction with Toll Brothers in Q4. With that, operator, we can open it up to Q&A.
Operator: [Operator Instructions] And your first question today will come from Anthony Paolone with JPMorgan.
Anthony Paolone: I was wondering if you can talk about just where cap rates are for multifamily in your various markets. We saw some of the deals you did in the quarter, I think, [ were 5.4%, ] but just maybe generally, kind of where do those sit? And then also as it relates to Toll Brothers, if we think about the development platform there for multifamily, like where would you develop? And like what would the spread be versus like market cap rates?
Matthew Windisch: Tony, it's Matt. So in terms of cap rates we're seeing in the market, it really depends on a number of factors, including age of the assets and the submarket you're in and what's happening around supply. So we've seen things trade in the high 4s. We've seen things trade in the high 5s. It's really kind of a broad range depending on those factors, but they seem to be holding relatively steady over the past couple of quarters at those levels. And in terms of the Toll Brothers portfolio and kind of the future pipeline, we continue to like the markets they've historically built in. So it will be some of the West Coast markets we currently own and operate as well as some East Coast markets where we've historically just been a lender. And we think, generally speaking, again, depending on markets and a number of factors that we can generally build the spreads of somewhere between 125 and 175 basis points on new developments relative to market cap rates. That's kind of the target in terms of how we'd be looking to capitalize these deals.
Anthony Paolone: Okay. And then I get the sensitivity around the go-private proposal, but maybe I missed this. Did -- was it outlined who on the Board is on like comprises the committee that will kind of go through this and make the decisions?
Matthew Windisch: Yes, Tony, it's Matt. So we -- again, we can't talk about anything related to the offer that was made a couple of days ago. But that was not outlined in the offer, who the special committee may be.
Operator: And your next question today will come from Jana Galan with Bank of America.
Jana Galan: Congrats on a really nice quarter. I was curious if there was any impact thus far from the government shutdown on the affordable multifamily portfolio?
Justin Enbody: Yes. I mean we haven't seen anything there. We did see a bit of weakness in terms of NOI in the quarter, as we pointed out, but that was more expense driven, not really related to anything from the government shutdown or any subsidies that would be passed on to the tenants. So no, we have not to date seen any impact from that yet.
Jana Galan: And congrats on the impressive growth in the investment management platform. Just wondering if you can maybe talk to kind of fundraising right now globally and where you guys think you're taking market share?
William J. McMorrow: Yes. That's a good question. I think it's evident and at least from what I read that the capital raising, particularly in the private equity firms is there's challenges associated with it. I think what we have seen is that really the discretionary funds have become somewhat less prevalent unless you're one of the really big capital raisers. And generally speaking, people want to do their capital deployment through separate accounts. I think the -- in our case, we've had great -- we've had good success in really several geographies, but particularly in Asia, where we've been for 30 years and here in the United States and Canada and parts of Europe. But we continue to see our capital deployment increasing, but we think that we've got the capability to raise capital to support all of that.
Operator: [Operator Instructions] And your next question today will come from Tayo Okusanya with Deutsche Bank.
Omotayo Okusanya: In regards to the buyout offer, while I know the company can't make any comments specifically, I don't know if it's possible for Bill to make any comments about why or his rationale for making the offer.
Matthew Windisch: Yes. Tayo, it's Matt. Again, I'm sorry, we just -- we can't comment on anything beyond what we said on the call earlier about the offer that was made.
Omotayo Okusanya: Fair enough. No worries. Next question, just around origination volume in the -- from the loan business. Again, granted 2Q was kind of a record, but in 3Q, there is a slowdown. Just kind of curious, is that seasonality? Is that more competition? Just kind of curious what was happening there.
Matthew Windisch: Yes. Good question. Yes. So we -- historically, Q3 has been a bit slower and if you kind of look at the prior year as well. So Q3 tends to be a [ little lower ] on the origination volumes kind of coming out of the summer. And so certainly, there's heightened competition. I think we talked about that on the last call, and we've seen some spreads coming in over the past year. But we're still very active in the space and have a strong pipeline, and we expect to continue to originate out of that business.
Omotayo Okusanya: Okay. That's helpful. And if we could go international just for a minute, the SFR platform, again, some additional acquisitions there. Just kind of talk a little bit about how that's coming along, how that's growing, what the ultimate economics of that business will be?
William J. McMorrow: Mike, do you want to touch on that?
Michael Pegler: Yes, I'll pick that one up. Obviously, we're a year into the venture now. We signed the venture with CPPIB in October last year, I believe. And so we've had really good growth over that period. We're really pleased with the number of houses we've committed to. We're up and running with our leasing. We've got almost 200 houses actually physically built and leased now. And we're -- including the acquisitions that we reported today, we're up to, I think it's about 1,300 homes. We've got a great pipeline ahead of us and a good appetite for doing more. I think by the year-end in Q4, we're expecting several more acquisitions to complete. We still see a good pipeline coming out of the housebuilders in the U.K. who are seeing this as a way to deliver additional stock. And we have strong support from CPPIB to grow the platform. So I would expect you'll see more acquisitions in Q4, and we look forward to continue to grow into 2026 as well. I think we've got some good ways to go on this.
Omotayo Okusanya: Okay. That's helpful. And then you kind of still stay international. Just quick thoughts on U.K. office. Again, the occupancy decline, just kind of talk a little bit about was that just an actual lease move-out? Or was it an actual termination? And if you also kind of talk about lease-up at Coopers Crossing as well.
William J. McMorrow: Yes. In terms of U.K., we've had a couple of lease move-outs that effectively we've been backfilling, but the backfills haven't kicked in yet. There are a number of cases where we've actually signed agreements for lease that haven't completed. So I would expect that occupancy to go back up over the course of the next couple of quarters. In fact, we've got committed deals that are going to send that occupancy back up again. And beyond that, we have a good pipeline of leasing. So I don't see a structural problem in our office leasing. It's really a timing issue around the time taken to bring these buildings back into circulation after a couple of lease breaks. But actually, we're re-leasing at better rents in most cases. And the demand has actually proved decent to the positive side. So I think on the U.K. office occupancy, I would expect that to tick back up over the next few quarters. In terms of Coopers Cross, we have a good pipeline. We are under offer to a really interesting tenant who's looking to take some space. Hopefully, we can get that deal done in the next quarter, and we've got a good pipeline of interest. It's clearly taken a little bit longer than we'd like, but that market is coming back to life now, and we see a better pipeline than we've seen in quite a while.
Operator: That concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Bill McMorrow for any closing remarks.
William J. McMorrow: Thank you, everybody, for joining the call today. Much appreciated. The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.