Stocks/TIPT

TIPT

Tiptree Inc.
Financial Services·Insurance - Specialty
$18.24
$685M market cap
Claude Rating
4/10UNDERWEIGHT
Revenue
$1.1B
Free Cash Flow
$156.6M
Rev Growth
-99.9%
FCF Margin
14.9%
P/FCF
4.4x
EV/FCF
4.7x
Fwd EV/EBITDA
--
Fair Value
$18.50
Upside
+1.4%

Tiptree Inc., through its subsidiaries, underwrites and administers specialty insurance products primarily in the United States. The company operates in two segments, Insurance and Mortgage. It offers niche commercial and personal lines insurance, credit insurance and collateral protection products, and warranty and service contract products and solutions, as well as premium finance services. The company also offers mortgage loans for institutional investors; and maritime shipping services, as w

2-Year Price History

$17.46+2.0%
$16$18$20$22$24volJun 24Oct 24Jan 25May 25Sep 25Jan 26May 26

Quarterly Financials & Projections

Quarterly Waterfall ($ M)
PeriodRevEBITDAOpInNIOCFFCFCapExCashDebtSharesROICIntCovEV/EBITDA
Est2027-Q45.0-11.5---13.0---12.0-0.1-70.3----------
Est2027-Q35.0-11.5---13.0---12.0-0.1-58.3----------
Est2027-Q25.0-11.5---13.0---12.0-0.1-46.3----------
Est2027-Q15.0-11.5---13.0---12.0-0.1-34.3----------
Est2026-Q45.0-12.0---13.5---12.5-0.1-22.3----------
Est2026-Q35.0-12.5---14.0---13.0-0.1-9.8----------
Est2026-Q28.0-14.4---16.0---15.2-0.13.2----------
Est2026-Q112.0-14.4---18.0---15.6-0.118.4----------
Act2026-Q10.7-7.9-8.314.3-18.2-18.9-0.034.080.241.9-9.7%--7.4x
Act2025-Q4-0.1-22.3-8.7-9.344.922.0-4.447.980.737.8-11.4%--5.2x
Act2025-Q3523.454.238.36.4135.4133.4-2.11,6710.038.644.6%5.1x--
Act2025-Q2527.068.552.719.021.320.1-1.2734.4529.838.618.3%6.3x3.2x
Act2025-Q1496.740.625.45.6-33.3-34.4-1.1613.9532.438.59.0%3.9x3.3x
Act2024-Q4503.155.942.219.670.068.2-1.81,428428.738.419.1%6.7x--
Act2024-Q3494.149.836.811.961.260.7-0.5678.3391.337.816.4%6.5x1.6x
Act2024-Q2547.454.040.712.946.935.6-0.9631.6391.337.818.9%6.7x2.2x
Act2024-Q1504.743.629.79.162.758.9-0.8608.2409.637.813.6%5.3x3.1x
Act2023-Q4446.243.530.16.9-22.1-26.9-1.51,271407.837.713.9%5.8x--
Act2023-Q3416.634.221.12.257.255.7-0.9785.3328.537.711.8%5.1x0.8x
Act2023-Q2404.536.623.76.0-6.7-19.3-6.6733.6364.737.612.1%5.2x1.3x
Act2023-Q1381.619.98.2-1.143.132.9-5.01,222352.536.54.3%3.1x--
Act2022-Q4369.535.725.00.962.252.9-5.41,150262.437.216.0%6.6x--
Act2022-Q3363.436.225.114.2116.3104.9-2.21,088271.136.819.7%6.6x--
Act2022-Q2339.820.04.8-22.4135.5126.4-2.6944.4268.035.23.1%2.2x--
Act2022-Q1324.915.4-1.0-1.0149.1140.1-0.5746.4389.534.2-0.7%1.5x--
Historical Valuation

Multiples vs the company's own history — cheap or rich relative to itself? Historical fiscal years, then TTM, then forward projections (E). Forward rows hold today's price against projected earnings, so the multiple compresses if the company grows into it.

YearPriceRev GrEBITDA %EBITDAEV/EBITDAEV/FCFP/EP/S
202213.137.7%107n/m0.3×
202318.22+18.0%8.1%13443.6×0.4×
202420.54+24.3%9.9%20313.4×0.3×
202518.20-24.5%9.1%1415.2×5.2×32.4×0.5×
TTM18.24-48.5%8.8%920.0×0.0×0.0×0.0×
2026E18.24-97.2%-1.8%-10.0×0.0×0.0×0.0×
2027E18.24-33.3%-2.3%-00.0×0.0×0.0×0.0×

EBITDA in reporting-currency $M. Historical multiples use year-end market cap (split-adjusted price history); TTM & forward years use today's.

AI Analysis

LLM Evaluations

Claude4/10UNDERWEIGHTFV: $18.50

Tiptree is a special situation centered on the $1.65B Fortegra sale. The bull case is simple: pro-forma book value per share is estimated around $24, and the stock trades at ~$16, a ~33% discount. However, multiple factors erode this gap: (1) significant NCI payouts to Warburg Pincus reduce net proceeds to common shareholders substantially, (2) tax leakage from selling Fortegra as a subsidiary rather than the whole entity, (3) ongoing corporate G&A burn of ~$12-15M/year post-close with no revenue to offset, (4) egregious executive compensation (4.4% of market cap annually), and (5) deep uncertainty about capital deployment post-deal. Management's track record on capital allocation outside insurance is poor (Invesque, mortgage). The stock is a value trap unless management returns capital aggressively via buybacks or a liquidation. The discount to pro-forma book is warranted given these risks, though it may be slightly overdone at current levels.

Catalyst Closing of the Fortegra sale (expected mid-2026) and subsequent capital return announcement (special dividend or tender offer). If management commits to returning 80%+ of net proceeds, the discount to book should narrow significantly.
Risk Management retains the cash and deploys it into poor-return ventures or a new acquisition, destroying the value embedded in the Fortegra sale proceeds while continuing to extract excessive compensation from a shrinking entity.
Trend
DETERIORATING
Mgmt
3/10
Quarter
2/10
Exp. Move
-5.0%

Latest Earnings Call

Transcript Summary

Tiptree Inc. delivered a strong third quarter in 2024, highlighted by a 28% year-to-date revenue increase and a 22% adjusted return on equity. The results were primarily driven by its insurance subsidiary, Fortegra, which saw a 38% increase in adjusted net income. Fortegra’s growth was fueled by its expansion into the excess and surplus (E&S) markets, where premiums grew 34% during the quarter. Despite significant catastrophic activity, Fortegra maintained a disciplined 90% combined ratio. The company's investment portfolio reached $1.5 billion, benefiting from higher yields and a recovery in bond values that boosted book value per share by 18.6% year-over-year. The Tiptree Capital segment, specifically the Reliance mortgage business, remained profitable through its servicing portfolio and cost-cutting measures, despite a tough environment for originations. Management remains bullish on Reliance’s prospects as interest rates potentially stabilize or decline. With $171 million in operating cash flow and a high-quality, liquid balance sheet, Tiptree continues to focus on long-term value creation. Although the earnings call featured no analyst questions, management’s presentation underscored a robust growth trajectory and a commitment to narrowing the gap between the current share price and the company's intrinsic value.

Valuation & Metrics

Market Stats

Price$18.24
Market Cap$685M
Enterprise Value$732M
P/S Ratio0.7x
P/FCF4.4x
EV/FCF4.7x
FCF Margin (TTM)14.9%
FCF Yield22.8%
Dividend Yield (TTM)1.3%
Annual Dilution9.0%
CurrencyUSD

TTM Financial Snapshot

Revenue$1.1B
Net Income$30.3M
Free Cash Flow$156.6M

Revenue Growth (YoY)-99.9%
EBITDA Margin8.8%
Net Margin2.9%
FCF Margin14.9%
CapEx % of Revenue0.7%
SBC % of Revenue0.2%
ROIC10.4%
WC Change % Rev141.4%
Interest Coverage4.3x

DCF Fair Value Estimate

$-0.40
-102.2% upside
Fair Enterprise Value$-166M
− Net Debt$46M
= Fair Equity$-17M
Revenue Growth-33.3% → 1.0%
FCF Margin14.9% → 0.0%
Discount Rate17.0%
Terminal EV/FCF6.0x

Forward Outlook & Risk

Short Interest

Short % of Float2.0%
Short Shares0.5M
Days to Cover1.6
Change (vs Prior)+4.1%
Short % Float History
2.00%+1.30pp
1.0%1.5%2.0%04-3007-1509-1511-1401-1504-30

Options

Call IV (ATM)34%
Put IV (ATM)63%
ATM Spread4.9%
Call $OI (near money)$22K
Put $OI (near money)$35K
ATM ExpiryJuly 17, 2026 (56D)
ATM Strike$17.5
Major Expirations3
Near-money chain · July 17, 2026
StrikeCall Bid/AskCall OIPut Bid/AskPut OI
$7.50$8.70/$11.700--/$0.750
$10.00$6.50/$9.300--/$0.750
$12.50$4.10/$5.300--/$0.750
$15.00$1.05/$3.301--/$0.750
$17.50$0.55/$1.402$0.35/$3.000
$20.00--/$0.750$2.15/$3.900
$22.50--/$0.750$4.60/$7.200
$25.00--/$0.750$7.20/$8.900
Snapshot: 2026-05-22

Forward Projections & Estimates

NTM Revenue Growth-97.1%
Forward FCF Margin-187.7%
Forward EBITDA Margin-177.7%
Forward P/FCF--
Forward EV/FCF--
Forward Int. Coverage-9.0x
Model Risk Score9/10
Bankruptcy Odds5%
Est. Borrow Rate12.0%
Terminal EV/FCF6.0x
LT Growth0.0%
LT FCF Margin0.0%

Employees

Headcount1,496
Revenue / Employee$702,544
Gross Profit / Employee$309,014
2021: 1,472 → 2022: 1,304 → 2024: 1,496 → 2025: 1,486 (0% CAGR)

Institutional Ownership

Headline & net flow

NET BUYING

In Q1 2026 so far (quarter still filing), institutions are net buyers — bought 10.6% of float, sold 7.1%. 1 filer moved >1% of shares (1 buying, 0 selling).

Net flow · Q1 2026still filing
+3.5% of float (net)
Bought 10.6% · Sold 7.1%
143 filers reported (last quarter: 146)

Ownership composition

Active
25.6%(+0.5% YoY)
126 filers
hedge / family / endowment
Retail funds
Fidelity, Schwab, 401(k)
Passive
18.4%(-9.4% YoY)
11 filers
Vanguard, iShares, SPDR
Market makers
0.2%(-0.2% YoY)
3 filers
Citadel, Susquehanna
Insiders
2.4%
Form 4 — latest per insider
0%25%50%75%100%2022-062023-032023-122024-092025-062026-03
ActiveRetail fundsPassiveMarket makersRetail direct

Top holders

Fund$ valueCost basisΔ QoQΔ YoYα lifeFund AUM
DIMENSIONAL FUND ADVISORS LPPassive$36.4M$12.64+$608K−$4.6M-0.4%$480.92B
BlackRock, Inc.Passive$34.5M$19.14−$835K−$4.8M-0.2%$5.69T
Veradace Capital Management LLC$31.2M$17.91+$7.1M+$31.2M-10.7%$112M
VANGUARD CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLCPassive$16.7M$16.92+$16.7M+$16.7M$4.04T
Steamboat Capital Partners, LLC$11.7M$17.82+$3.3M+$10.1M+1.9%$403M
GEODE CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLCPassive$10.6M$16.26+$382K+$861K+2.3%$1.61T
STATE STREET CORPPassive$8.9M$17.25−$103K−$7K-0.2%$2.89T
KENNEDY CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC$8.4M$20.46+$196K+$950K-1.5%$4.72B
HEARTLAND ADVISORS INC$6.8M$12.47+$0+$1.7M-0.4%$1.96B
Nuveen, LLC$6.4M$20.64+$2.9M+$2.7M+0.0%$368.63B
MILLENNIUM MANAGEMENT LLC$5.5M$17.51−$3.5M+$2.6M-0.5%$127.40B
GABELLI FUNDS LLC$5.3M$17.44+$4.1M+$5.3M-0.2%$14.68B
TCW GROUP INC$5.0M$16.92+$846K+$208K+1.6%$13.25B
MORGAN STANLEY$4.7M$18.13−$259K+$1.8M-0.3%$1.65T
ARROWSTREET CAPITAL, LIMITED PARTNERSHIP$4.6M$17.34+$2.9M+$4.4M+0.1%$184.72B
VANGUARD PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT LLCPassive$3.8M$16.92+$3.8M+$3.8M$1.91T
GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC$3.8M$17.81−$3.1M+$1.3M-0.2%$760.93B
BRIDGEWAY CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC$3.5M$12.56+$0−$27K-2.3%$4.93B
NORTHERN TRUST CORPPassive$3.3M$17.85+$101K−$424K-0.2%$755.34B
Qube Research & Technologies Ltd$3.3M$18.69−$216K+$1.6M+0.3%$70.36B
Cost basis is a volume-weighted estimate from accumulation periods within our 13F history; holders who built their position before our window started will show a stale basis. % above the cost basis is the unrealized gain at the current price.

Trading behavior

Smart-money alpha (lifetime, %/qtr)BEARISH
Holders
-1.77%
avg per quarter
Holders (ex-self)
-2.04%
excl. this stock
Buyers (this Q)
-1.46%
56 buyers · $0.05B in
Sellers (this Q)
-0.17%
54 sellers · $0.04B out
alpha coverage: 92% of $ has a lifetime-alpha record
Holder behavior on this stocksource: stock
On big dips (−10%+)
-7.0%
how holders react when this stock falls
On quiet Qs
-6.1%
−10% to +10% baseline
On rallies (+10%+)
-16.8%
how they react when this stock rises
Holders' portfolio flow this Q
+1.2%
inflows — adds are organic
Sellers' portfolio flow this Q
+0.6%
Sellers' overall flow ~ flat.
▸ Compare to holder-profile behavior (across all their stocks)
Holder dip (any stock)
-2.5%
Holder mid (any stock)
+0.9%
Holder rally (any stock)
-10.3%

Top Holders Over Time

5-year share-count history (top 10 holders by peak, incl. exited) + price

0995K2.0M3.0M4.0M$10$13$17$20$242021-062022-062023-062024-062025-062026-03
hover the chart for per-quarter detailprice (right axis)
Veradace Capital Management LLC1.8MBREACH INLET CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLCCANNELL CAPITAL LLCBRIDGEWAY CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC209KKENNEDY CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC494KSteamboat Capital Partners, LLC690KROYCE & ASSOCIATES LP112KMILLENNIUM MANAGEMENT LLC323KFMR LLC15KTCW GROUP INC294K

Analyst Coverage

Analyst Coverage
Consensus Estimates
QuarterRevenueEBITDANet IncEPSEPS Range# Analysts
2025 Q3523M87M0M$0.00$0.00 – $0.000

Corporate

Executive Compensation (2023-2025)

Direct Pay$54.0M
Incentive & Other$67.8M
Total Compensation$121.7M
% of Revenue2.5%

Insider Trading (last 12mo)

Open-market only (Form 4 P-Purchase + S-Sale). Excludes grants, option exercises, tax withholding, gifts.
Officers & directors
Buys ($, 12mo)
$162K
3 txns · 2 insiders · 9,332 sh
Sells ($, 12mo)
$0
0 txns · 0 insiders · 0 sh
Recent transactions
DateSideInsiderTitleSharesPriceDollarsOwned $
2026-03-12BUYMcKinney Scott T.officer: Chief Financial Officer1,232$15.98$20K$64K
2026-03-11BUYMcKinney Scott T.officer: Chief Financial Officer2,600$16.15$42K$45K
2025-11-07BUYMielle Dominiquedirector5,500$18.29$101K$1.29M

Order Flow (FINRA, ~3w lag)

16.8%retail+1.4pp
18.8%dark-4.2pp
week of 2026-04-13
10%20%30%40%24-1125-0225-0525-0825-1126-0226-04retail (non-ATS)dark (ATS)
Off-exchange volume from FINRA. Retail = non-ATS (wholesaler PFOF + broker internalization). Dark = ATS (dark-pool crossing networks, institutional). Lit-exchange = remainder.

Revenue Breakdown

Revenue Segments

By Product (2025-Q3)
Service and Administrative Fees$606.1M+129%
Service Contract Revenue$590.4M+159%
Motor Club Revenue$28.1M-15%
Other Contract Revenue$2.7M-14%

Filing Risk Analysis

Filing Risk Scores

Tiptree Inc.: A Hollow Shell Betting the Farm on a Discontinued Payday

Overall Risk
6/10
Fraud
3/10
Dilution
5/10
Insolvency
4/10
Earnings Overstated
7/10
Hidden Liabilities
5/10
Legal
6/10
Audit Warnings
4/10
Hidden Upside
9/10
Contextually Acceptable
7/10

Counter-Thesis

Counter-Thesis & Recent News

📰 Recent News

Tiptree reported a significant net loss from continuing operations of $38.9 million for the full year 2025. In Q4 2025, revenue from continuing operations plummeted to a mere $3,000 compared to $372,000 the previous year. Following these results, the stock hit a 52-week low of $16.41 in February 2026, reflecting market dissatisfaction with the company's transition into a cash-heavy shell entity (Source: Stock Titan, MarketBeat).

🐻 Bear Case

The core bear case centers on 'value destruction' and tax inefficiency. By selling its primary profit engine, Fortegra, as a subsidiary rather than selling the entire Tiptree entity, management has created significant 'tax leakages.' Post-sale, Tiptree will effectively become a blank-check company. Short-sellers argue the estimated pro-forma book value of $24.40 is a 'paper' figure that will be eroded by high corporate overhead, ongoing losses in remaining segments, and potentially poor future capital allocation (Source: Seeking Alpha, 2026).

🚩 Red Flags

Executive compensation is a major red flag; reports indicate that from 2019 to 2024, approximately 4.4% of the company’s market cap was transferred to top executives annually. Additionally, significant shareholders like Veradace Partners publicly opposed the Fortegra sale, citing governance concerns. The company’s persistent losses in continuing operations ($38.9M in 2025) suggest the parent company lacks a viable standalone business model without its divested assets (Source: Seeking Alpha, Stock Titan).

⚔️ Competitive Threats

Upon the anticipated closing of the Fortegra and Reliance First Capital sales in mid-2026, Tiptree will lose its competitive standing in the specialty insurance and mortgage markets. It will face stiff competition as a small-cap investment firm against established asset managers with better track records and lower cost structures. Its 'blank-check' status makes it vulnerable to market volatility without the defensive earnings of an operating business.

💬 Customer Sentiment

Shareholder sentiment (the primary 'customer' for a holding company) is decidedly bearish, with the stock trading at a 27% discount to its projected pro-forma book value. Institutional sentiment has weakened, with firms like Wall Street Zen downgrading the stock from 'Buy' to 'Hold' in late 2025, and AI-driven sentiment scores remaining low due to negative technical patterns and analyst pessimism (Source: MarketBeat, Danelfin).

Full Earnings Call Transcript

Full Earnings Call Transcript — Q3 • 2024-10-31

Operator: Ladies and gentlemen, greetings, and welcome to the Tiptree Inc. Third Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. At this time all participants are in a listen-only mode. A brief question-and-answer session will follow the formal presentation. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Scott McKinney, Chief Financial Officer. Thank you and over to you.
Scott McKinney: Good morning, and welcome to our third quarter 2024 earnings call. Joining me today are Michael Barnes, our Executive Chairman; Jonathan Ilany, CEO; and Randy Maultsby, President. Some of our comments today will contain forward-looking statements, and actual future results may differ materially. Please see our most recent SEC filings, which identify the principal risks and uncertainties that could affect future performance. In today's call, we will discuss non-GAAP financial measures, which are described in more detail in our presentation. Reconciliations of these measures and additional disclosures can be found in our SEC filings, the appendix to our presentation and on our website. With that, I will turn the call over to Michael.
Michael Barnes: Thank you, Scott, and good morning to everyone. The strong performance from our businesses continued in the third quarter. Revenues year-to-date have increased by 28% from the prior year, while delivering an adjusted return on equity of 22%. Our insurance company, Fortegra, delivered revenue growth of 28% and adjusted net income growth of 38%. These exceptional figures were driven by continued expansion of specialty insurance lines, particularly in the excess and surplus market. Gross written premiums and equivalents were $2.2 billion, an increase of 10% over 2023. We continue to see a strong pipeline of opportunities and the pricing environment remains attractive for underwriting new business. Within the third quarter, we witnessed several catastrophic events, resulting in extreme destruction and personal loss and communities across the country. Our thoughts are with those who were impacted and the team at Fortegra remains focused on delivering quality service to its policyholders. Despite these events, Fortegra's combined ratio improved to 90%, demonstrating the underwriting discipline and diversification of risk that we have observed for many years. The investment portfolio, which is overseen by our asset management subsidiary, Tiptree Advisors, ended the quarter at $1.5 billion of investable assets. Our focus when investing paid in premiums remains unchanged. We allocate to high-quality liquid fixed income securities, coupled with select high-yielding investment opportunities to enhance return. As the portfolio grows and maturing investments roll, we continue to see attractive opportunities to add high-quality bonds that enhance our overall book yield and future earnings profile. The team at our residential mortgage origination and servicing business, Reliance, continues to execute in a tough operating environment. Volumes have increased modestly compared to the prior year and the fee income from our retained servicing book has led the business to profitability. We hold a positive outlook for the business, anticipating increased potential for future profit as mortgage rates tighten. We are pleased with Tiptree's performance thus far in 2024, and as always, we remain committed to growing long-term shareholder value, and we'll continue to seek constructive ways to more fully reflect the intrinsic value of Tiptree's businesses in our share price. With that, I'll turn the call over to Scott for his comments.
Scott McKinney: Thank you, Michael. As you highlighted, the results for the quarter and nine months exceeded our expectations, and we remain positive on the outlook for growth. Tiptree's revenues were up 19% for the quarter, driven by growth in earned premiums, an increase in net investment income and investment gains as compared to the prior year. Adjusted net income for the quarter was $27.9 million, representing an increase of 56%, driven by strong underwriting and investment income at our insurance business and increased origination volume at our mortgage business. Consolidated net income was $11.9 million compared to $2.2 million in the prior year. Tiptree's GAAP tax rate for the quarter was 44%. Setting aside the book tax implications of being deconsolidated from Fortegra for tax purposes, our effective tax rate was 28%, the vast majority of which is deferred. Our balance sheet remains well positioned. We ended the quarter with a highly rated liquid investment portfolio, substantial cash balances and strong cash flow from operations. Consolidated cash flow from operations was $171 million, driven by premium growth and profitable insurance and fee-based earnings with the majority of proceeds being deployed into fixed income investments at attractive yields. Book value per share increased by 18.6% from the prior year, inclusive of dividends paid. This was driven by earnings growth and a significant recovery of unrealized losses on Fortegra's fixed income portfolio. Turning to our insurance results for the quarter. Gross written premiums and equivalents increased 13% year-over-year, driven by growth in excess and surplus lines. E&S lines represented 40% or about $312 million of total premiums and grew at a rate of 34% in the quarter. We continue to see submission growth and positive rate movement on both property and casualty lines. Net written premiums were $389 million, an increase of 17%, driven by overall premium growth and increased retention on both E&S and admitted P&C lines. Property lines accounted for 33% of net written premiums, up from 20% in the prior year. Revenues grew by 18% and the combined ratio remained consistent at 90.2%. Even with the higher-than-average catastrophic events this quarter, our combined ratio continues to demonstrate the team's underwriting discipline as we expand our diverse portfolio of paid in premiums. Impacts from named storm losses in the third quarter were well within our actuarial defined loss reserves, and we continue to maintain a conservative position with respect to loss reserves at our insurance subsidiaries. Fortegra's annualized adjusted return on equity was 28%, driven by the combination of profitable insurance underwriting and fee-based service offerings. In regards to the investment portfolio, we ended the quarter at $1.5 billion of investable assets with 90% invested in a combination of high credit quality, liquid securities and cash with an average S&P rating of AA- and a duration of 2.7 years. For the nine months, net investment income, combined with interest on cash equivalents amounted to $37 million, representing a 35% increase over the prior year. Our book yield was 4.1% at quarter end, up 90 basis points from the prior year, driven by improving yields on our fixed income securities. Additionally, with the move in rates in the quarter, we saw a substantial recovery on the bond portfolio, registering a $22 million positive pretax impact to equity. At quarter end, 24% of the total portfolio is held in cash and equivalents. With these substantial cash balances in addition to near-term maturities and further growth in invested assets, we expect the portfolio will be a driver of future earnings growth. Longer-term trends at Fortegra remain favorable as the next set of charts highlight. Over the past five years, top line premiums have compounded 23% annually, primarily driven by organic growth. The flow of business in the E&S markets and ongoing positive rate environment coupled with the addition of new agents and distribution partners have driven this growth and are expected to continue as we look forward. During the same period, the combined ratio has improved by 250 basis points with limited volatility from period to period. As the business increasingly focuses on specialty P&C lines, the mix shift has driven an increase in the loss ratio, which has been more than offset by reductions in both the acquisition ratio and the operating expense ratio. Even with that, we continue to make meaningful investments in people, technology and data. That includes investments in our agent relationships and technology primarily focused on the underwriting and claims management tools that we believe will facilitate better results over the long term. Tiptree Capital ended the quarter with $110 million of capital deployed across our mortgage origination and servicing business, our liquid investment portfolio and cash. Pretax income for the year was $1.8 million, driven by positive contributions from our mortgage operations and realized gains on other investments. Mortgage originations for the year were $693 million, up 4% on a comparative basis. Contributions from the servicing portfolio in addition to proactive cost management throughout the past two years, have sustained our profitability despite the prevailing interest rate environment. As we look ahead, we expect origination volumes to improve given the outlook for declining mortgage rates. Consistent with prior quarters, we have included information to arrive at Tiptree's sum of the parts value, which takes into account a range of values for Fortegra based on the multiple implied by Warburg's investment as well as peer earnings multiples. Fortegra's adjusted net income increased to $147 million on a trailing 12-month basis. This growth, along with our holdings in Tiptree Capital has contributed to an increase in our view of Tiptree's intrinsic value per share. With that, I'll pass the call back to Michael to wrap up our prepared remarks.
Michael Barnes: Thanks, Scott. Our third quarter was another great quarter. Fortegra continues to deliver excellent financial results. The pipeline of new opportunities continues to build, and the specialty market conditions remain favorable. Reliance remains profitable despite a challenging operating environment and is focused on opportunities to increase volume and profitability. We at Tiptree will continue to look for opportunities to allocate capital for long-term value creation. I'd now like to turn the call back to the operator for Q&A.
Operator:
Operator: Ladies and gentlemen, as there are no further questions, this concludes today's teleconference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation.