Stocks/JRVR

JRVR

James River Group Holdings, Ltd.
Financial Services·Insurance - Specialty
$3.91
$181M market cap
Claude Rating
2/10SHORT
Revenue
$666.7M
Free Cash Flow
$28.1M
Rev Growth
-12.1%
FCF Margin
4.2%
P/FCF
6.4x
EV/FCF
-12.7x
Fwd EV/EBITDA
-5.8x
Fair Value
$3.50
Upside
-10.5%

James River Group Holdings, Ltd., through its subsidiaries, provides specialty insurance and reinsurance services in the United States. It operates through Excess and Surplus Lines, Specialty Admitted Insurance, and Casualty Reinsurance segments. The Excess and Surplus Lines segment underwrites liability and property insurance on an excess and surplus commercial lines basis in all states and the District of Columbia. This segment distributes its insurance policies primarily through wholesale ins

2-Year Price History

$4.00-45.7%
$4.0$5.0$6.0$7.0$8.0volJun 24Oct 24Jan 25May 25Sep 25Jan 26May 26

Quarterly Financials & Projections

Quarterly Waterfall ($ M)
PeriodRevEBITDAOpInNIOCFFCFCapExCashDebtSharesROICIntCovEV/EBITDA
Est2028-Q1160.014.4--3.2---8.0-0.8886.4----------
Est2027-Q4160.024.0--9.6--19.2-1.6894.4----------
Est2027-Q3168.016.8--3.4---5.0-0.8875.2----------
Est2027-Q2163.017.9--5.7--9.8-0.8880.3----------
Est2027-Q1155.010.9--1.6---12.4-0.8870.5----------
Est2026-Q4155.021.7--7.8--15.5-1.9882.9----------
Est2026-Q3162.013.0--0.8---8.1-0.8867.4----------
Est2026-Q2158.015.8--4.0--7.9-0.8875.5----------
Act2026-Q1151.4-10.1-10.6-8.9-0.7-0.8-0.1867.6329.946.1-7.9%-1.8x--
Act2025-Q4167.832.132.132.1-26.8-29.3-2.51,6660.060.1--5.4x--
Act2025-Q3172.79.02.71.034.333.7-0.7926.2329.946.51.7%1.4x--
Act2025-Q2174.813.27.34.825.224.5-0.5916.8329.946.45.2%2.3x--
Act2025-Q1172.321.616.09.6-51.5-52.9-1.2901.9329.959.711.4%3.9x--
Act2024-Q4126.7-66.5-72.3-64.87.54.7-2.7979.5304.941.2-75.3%-11.6x--
Act2024-Q3191.5-45.8-38.1-39.4-270.0-270.8-0.8950.2304.937.9-23.6%-7.5x--
Act2024-Q2188.326.620.27.6-8.7-9.3-0.61,222304.938.013.4%4.2x--
Act2024-Q1201.139.533.015.424.123.3-0.7958.7326.444.620.7%6.1x--
Act2023-Q4116.932.728.9-150.2-9.8-13.1-3.11,671326.437.716.7%5.7x--
Act2023-Q3210.337.330.719.655.154.0-1.11,105326.437.819.7%5.1x--
Act2023-Q2194.823.917.815.923.222.3-0.91,088326.437.99.4%4.0x0.1x
Act2023-Q1191.716.711.09.619.518.2-1.32,124326.437.86.1%3.0x--
Act2022-Q4225.736.630.217.754.650.8-3.71,426326.437.716.3%5.8x--
Act2022-Q3201.20.4-4.6-4.628.827.4-1.42,036326.437.5-4.0%0.1x--
Act2022-Q2184.814.410.37.774.072.5-1.52,079326.437.75.8%3.6x--
Act2022-Q1202.015.913.510.265.463.6-1.72,080326.437.67.0%6.9x--
Historical Valuation

Multiples vs the company's own history — cheap or rich relative to itself? Historical fiscal years, then TTM, then forward projections (E). Forward rows hold today's price against projected earnings, so the multiple compresses if the company grows into it.

YearPriceRev GrEBITDA %EBITDAEV/EBITDAEV/FCFP/EP/S
202219.978.3%6727.8×1.1×
20238.95-12.3%15.5%111n/m0.8×
20244.82-0.8%-6.5%-46n/m0.3×
20256.35-2.8%11.1%765.4×0.4×
TTM3.91-1.8%6.6%440.0×0.0×
2027E3.91-3.1%0.1%10.0×0.0×

EBITDA in reporting-currency $M. Historical multiples use year-end market cap (split-adjusted price history); TTM & forward years use today's.

AI Analysis

LLM Evaluations

Claude2/10SHORTFV: $3.50

James River is a deeply troubled specialty insurer where the investment case depends entirely on whether the post-2023 underwriting book can generate sufficient returns to overcome persistent legacy reserve charges, a nearly exhausted ADC, heavy preferred/debt obligations, and massive historical dilution (-22.7% annual). The core E&S casualty business shows genuine improvement (mid-single-digit rate increases, better risk selection, improving combined ratios), but this is overshadowed by structural problems: only $7.5M ADC remaining means the next reserve charge hits equity directly, AM Best has a Negative outlook on the A- rating (loss of which would be existential), interest coverage is sub-2x, the Series A preferred creates ~29% potential dilution plus cash dividends that often exceed net income to common shareholders, and the company is borrowing at the holding level to fund subsidiary capital. Even in a best-case scenario where legacy losses stabilize and the core book performs, the common equity is a deeply subordinated claim behind significant obligations. The stock is not investable for a fundamental long fund given the asymmetric downside risk.

Catalyst Potential positive catalysts include successful run-off of legacy reserves without further adverse development, AM Best outlook upgrade to Stable, or a strategic acquisition/takeout at a premium to tangible book. The redomicile tax savings and AI-driven efficiency gains could incrementally improve margins. However, none of these are high-probability near-term events.
Risk Further adverse reserve development exhausting the remaining $7.5M ADC, followed by an AM Best downgrade from A-, which would severely impair the company's ability to write new business and could trigger a liquidity spiral.
Trend
DETERIORATING
Mgmt
5/10
Quarter
3/10
Exp. Move
-15.0%

Latest Earnings Call

Transcript Summary

James River Group Holdings reported a net loss of $10.9 million for Q1 2026, driven largely by a $6.7 million reinsurance reinstatement charge from a single 2022 casualty claim. Despite this, operating results showed resilience in core E&S lines. Casualty rates increased by 7.7%, with Excess Casualty premiums growing 15% and Specialty Lines up 6%. Management highlighted an 11% reduction in G&A expenses and the launch of AI-enabled underwriting technology to drive efficiency and faster quote times. Competition is increasing in primary casualty and property as some business migrates back to admitted markets, prompting a disciplined underwriting response. The company’s consolidated combined ratio was 104.6%, but would have been 99.7% excluding the one-time reinsurance impact. Net investment income grew to $21.3 million, supported by private credit and higher yields. While legacy reserve volatility remains a factor, management expressed confidence in the improved business model and targeted growth in core casualty areas. Analysts focused on the impact of competition, the specifics of the adverse development cover, and the progress of technological initiatives.

Valuation & Metrics

Market Stats

Price$3.91
Market Cap$181M
Enterprise Value$-357M
P/S Ratio0.3x
P/FCF6.4x
EV/FCF-12.7x
FCF Margin (TTM)4.2%
FCF Yield15.6%
Dividend Yield (TTM)1.3%
Annual Dilution-22.7%
CurrencyUSD

TTM Financial Snapshot

Revenue$666.7M
Net Income$28.9M
Free Cash Flow$28.1M

Revenue Growth (YoY)-12.1%
EBITDA Margin6.6%
Net Margin4.3%
FCF Margin4.2%
CapEx % of Revenue0.5%
SBC % of Revenue0.0%
ROIC-0.3%
WC Change % Rev6.7%
Interest Coverage1.9x

DCF Fair Value Estimate

$13.90
+255.6% upside
Fair Enterprise Value$103M
− Net Debt$-538M
= Fair Equity$641M
Revenue Growth3.3% → 2.0%
FCF Margin4.2% → 6.0%
Discount Rate16.0%
Terminal EV/FCF7.0x

Forward Outlook & Risk

Short Interest

Short % of Float2.6%
Short Shares1.0M
Days to Cover5.2
Change (vs Prior)-4.3%
Short % Float History
2.60%-0.70pp
2.0%2.5%3.0%3.5%4.0%04-3007-1509-1511-1401-1504-30

Options

Call IV (ATM)--
Put IV (ATM)43%
ATM Spread--
Call $OI (near money)$39K
Put $OI (near money)$62K
ATM ExpiryJuly 17, 2026 (56D)
ATM Strike$5.0
Major Expirations3
Near-money chain · July 17, 2026
StrikeCall Bid/AskCall OIPut Bid/AskPut OI
$2.50$1.15/$2.100--/$0.750
$5.00--/$0.750$0.95/$1.0510
$7.50--/$0.200$2.80/$4.000
Snapshot: 2026-05-22

Forward Projections & Estimates

NTM Revenue Growth-5.5%
Forward FCF Margin0.5%
Forward EBITDA Margin9.7%
Forward P/FCF62.3x
Forward EV/FCF-123.1x
Forward Int. Coverage2.8x
Model Risk Score8/10
Bankruptcy Odds15%
Est. Borrow Rate9.5%
Terminal EV/FCF7.0x
LT Growth2.0%
LT FCF Margin6.0%

Employees

Headcount645
Revenue / Employee$1,033,657
Gross Profit / Employee$192,209
2022: 639 → 2023: 649 → 2024: 645 → 2025: 578 (-3% CAGR)

Institutional Ownership

Headline & net flow

NET BUYING

In Q1 2026 so far (quarter still filing), institutions are net buyers — bought 10.9% of float, sold 2.3%. 1 filer moved >1% of shares (1 buying, 0 selling).

Net flow · Q1 2026still filing
+8.6% of float (net)
Bought 10.9% · Sold 2.3%
114 filers reported (last quarter: 119)

Ownership composition

Active
27.9%(-27.8% YoY)
3 filers
hedge / family / endowment
Retail funds
Fidelity, Schwab, 401(k)
Passive
0.0%(-18.8% YoY)
0 filers
Vanguard, iShares, SPDR
Market makers
0.0%(-0.2% YoY)
0 filers
Citadel, Susquehanna
Insiders
17.4%
Form 4 — latest per insider
0%25%50%75%100%2022-062023-032023-122024-092025-062026-03
ActiveRetail fundsPassiveMarket makersRetail direct

Top holders

Fund$ valueCost basisΔ QoQΔ YoYα lifeFund AUM
Gallatin Point Capital LLC$36.9M$4.82+$0+$0-10.9%$238M
Enstar Group LTD$16.3M$6.35+$0+$16.3M+0.1%$215M
HUNTINGTON NATIONAL BANK$0$14.83+$0+$0-0.1%$18.12B
Cost basis is a volume-weighted estimate from accumulation periods within our 13F history; holders who built their position before our window started will show a stale basis. % above the cost basis is the unrealized gain at the current price.

Trading behavior

Smart-money alpha (lifetime, %/qtr)NEUTRAL
Holders
-6.52%
avg per quarter
Holders (ex-self)
-7.55%
excl. this stock
Buyers (this Q)
+0.00%
0 buyers · $0.00B in
Sellers (this Q)
+0.00%
0 sellers · $0.00B out
alpha coverage: 100% of $ has a lifetime-alpha record
Holder behavior on this stocksource: stock
On big dips (−10%+)
-20.8%
how holders react when this stock falls
On quiet Qs
+1.3%
−10% to +10% baseline
On rallies (+10%+)
-22.5%
how they react when this stock rises
Holders' portfolio flow this Q
+0.7%
inflows — adds are organic
Sellers' portfolio flow this Q
+0.0%
Sellers' overall flow ~ flat.
▸ Compare to holder-profile behavior (across all their stocks)
Holder dip (any stock)
-3.3%
Holder mid (any stock)
-0.6%
Holder rally (any stock)
-3.4%

Biggest decreases this quarter

Top-5 holders · 100.0%

Gallatin Point Capital LLC--
Enstar Group LTD--
HUNTINGTON NATIONAL BANK--

Top Holders Over Time

5-year share-count history (top 10 holders by peak, incl. exited) + price

03.2M6.5M9.7M12.9M$4.17$9.02$14$19$242021-062022-032022-122023-092024-062025-032025-09
hover the chart for per-quarter detailprice (right axis)
PRICE T ROWE ASSOCIATES INC /MD/T. Rowe Price Investment Management, Inc.Champlain Investment Partners, LLCMadison Avenue Partners, LPROYCE & ASSOCIATES LPWELLINGTON MANAGEMENT GROUP LLPPRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP INCCRAMER ROSENTHAL MCGLYNN LLCBANK OF AMERICA CORP /DE/26KAMERICAN CENTURY COMPANIES INC303K

Analyst Coverage

Analyst Coverage
Price Targets
Last Quarter (2 analysts)$5.885040.0%
Last Year (3 analysts)$6.255980.0%
Current Price$3.91
Analyst Ratings
5
7
2
Buy: 5Hold: 7Sell: 2Consensus: Hold
Consensus Estimates
QuarterRevenueEBITDANet IncEPSEPS Range# Analysts
2025 Q3157M39M11M$0.23$0.23 – $0.242
2025 Q4154M38M20M$0.43$0.43 – $0.442
2026 Q1155M38M12M$0.27$0.27 – $0.272
2026 Q2148M37M11M$0.24$0.24 – $0.242
2026 Q3148M36M12M$0.26$0.22 – $0.283
2026 Q4147M36M12M$0.26$0.26 – $0.261
2027 Q1136M34M11M$0.23$0.23 – $0.231
2027 Q2137M34M11M$0.23$0.23 – $0.231
2027 Q3138M34M10M$0.22$0.22 – $0.221
2027 Q4140M35M10M$0.22$0.22 – $0.221

Corporate

Executive Compensation (2022-2024)

Direct Pay$35.8M
Incentive & Other$16.6M
Total Compensation$52.3M
% of Revenue2.5%

Insider Trading (last 12mo)

Open-market only (Form 4 P-Purchase + S-Sale). Excludes grants, option exercises, tax withholding, gifts.
Officers & directors
Buys ($, 12mo)
$100K
1 txn · 1 insider · 17,000 sh
Sells ($, 12mo)
$0
0 txns · 0 insiders · 0 sh
Recent transactions
DateSideInsiderTitleSharesPriceDollarsOwned $
2025-06-02BUYSutherland Todd Randellofficer: President, E&S Lines Segment17,000$5.87$100K$144K

Order Flow (FINRA, ~3w lag)

34.2%retail+14.3pp
13.8%dark-8.5pp
week of 2026-04-13
10%20%30%40%50%60%24-1125-0225-0525-0825-1126-0226-04retail (non-ATS)dark (ATS)
Off-exchange volume from FINRA. Retail = non-ATS (wholesaler PFOF + broker internalization). Dark = ATS (dark-pool crossing networks, institutional). Lit-exchange = remainder.

Revenue Breakdown

Revenue Segments

By Product (2026-Q1)
Excess And Surplus Lines$143.4M-5%
Specialty Admitted Insurance$7.9M-61%

Filing Risk Analysis

Filing Risk Scores

James River Group Holdings: Administrative Shell Lacks Substantive Forensics

Overall Risk
4/10
Fraud
2/10
Dilution
1/10
Insolvency
1/10
Earnings Overstated
1/10
Hidden Liabilities
1/10
Legal
1/10
Audit Warnings
1/10
Hidden Upside
1/10
Contextually Acceptable
10/10

Counter-Thesis

Counter-Thesis & Recent News

📰 Recent News

James River reported a disappointing Q1 2026 net loss of $10.9 million, swinging from a $7.6 million profit a year ago. Revenue fell 12.1% Y/Y to $151.4 million. The loss was primarily driven by a $6.7 million reinsurance reinstatement premium charge linked to a single legacy E&S casualty claim from 2022. Following the report on May 5, 2026, the stock plummeted between 10% and 23% in intraday trading, hitting levels near its 52-week low (Investing.com, Stock Titan).

🐻 Bear Case

The core bear case centers on the rapid depletion of capital buffers and persistent legacy volatility. In Q1 2026, James River utilized two-thirds of its remaining Excess & Surplus (E&S) Adverse Development Cover (ADC), leaving a mere $7.5 million for any future adverse development (Citizens JMP, May 2026). This thin margin leaves the company highly vulnerable to further reserve shocks. Additionally, while management is pivoting to AI-driven underwriting, the company faces high execution risk in a 'transitioning market' where core segments like primary general casualty are seeing increased competition and business migration back to admitted carriers (Seeking Alpha).

🚩 Red Flags

1) ADC Exhaustion: Only $7.5M remains in the E&S ADC to protect against future losses. 2) Rating Outlook: AM Best affirmed its A- rating in March 2026 but maintained a 'Negative' outlook, citing execution risks regarding balance sheet expectations and leverage metrics. 3) Investment Volatility: Reported $6.6M in realized/unrealized losses in Q1 2026, specifically within its bank loan portfolio. 4) Internal Controls: Historical litigation highlights past failures in internal controls regarding reinsurance accounting, a concern resurfacing with recent reinstatement premium errors (AM Best, Robbins LLP).

⚔️ Competitive Threats

Management acknowledged 'increasing competitive pressure' in the primary general casualty department as a key headwind for 2026. There is a notable 'select migration' of business moving away from the E&S market back to admitted carriers, which could compress margins. Competitors like Kinsale (KNSL) are frequently cited as 'hidden gems' outperforming JRVR in the same space, further pressuring JRVR's market share in niche specialty lines (MarketBeat, Seeking Alpha).

💬 Customer Sentiment

Investor and analyst sentiment is decidedly bearish to neutral. Citizens downgraded JRVR from 'Market Outperform' to 'Market Perform' on May 5, 2026, following the earnings miss. Analyst engagement on recent calls has shifted from optimism to a more 'defensive' tone, with questions focusing on treaty structures and legacy risks. Institutional confidence remains shaky as the company continues to battle profitability issues despite multiple years of restructuring (Investing.com, Seeking Alpha).

Full Earnings Call Transcript

Full Earnings Call Transcript — Q1 • 2026-05-05

Operator: Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the James River Group Holdings, Inc. First Quarter 2026 Earnings Call. [Operator Instructions] I will now turn the conference over to Bob Zimardo, Senior Vice President of Investor Relations. You may begin.
Bob Zimardo: Good morning, everyone, and welcome to James River Group's First Quarter 2026 Earnings Conference Call. A quick reminder that during the call, we will be making forward-looking statements that are based on current beliefs, intentions, expectations and assumptions that are subject to various risks and uncertainties, which may cause actual results to differ materially. Such risks and uncertainties are detailed in the cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements in yesterday's earnings release and the risk factors of our most recent Form 10-K and other reports and filings we have made with the SEC. We do not undertake any duty to update any forward-looking statements. In addition, during this presentation, we may reference non-GAAP financial measures. Please refer to our earnings press release for a reconciliation of these numbers to GAAP, a copy of which can be found on our website. And lastly, unless otherwise specified for the reasons described in our earnings press release, all underwriting performance ratios referred to are for our continuing operations and business that is not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting for loss portfolio transfers. I will now turn the call over to Frank D'Orazio, Chief Executive Officer of James River Group.
Frank D'Orazio: Thank you for the introduction, Bob. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. As we do each quarter, we look forward to discussing notable highlights of our performance, updates on the execution of key corporate objectives and the progress that James River continues to make in becoming a best-in-class E&S carrier. This quarter, our E&S results were negatively impacted by a sizable reinsurance reinstatement charge on a 2022 casualty treaty triggered by an individual claim, a disappointing development on an otherwise solid quarter. As we've discussed in the past, the organization restructured its E&S treaty placements in July of 2023 to prevent these types of outsized adjustments from impacting future results. In a few moments, Sarah will provide additional details on the specifics of this reinsurance charge. But before she does, I'd like to spend a few minutes discussing our current view of the market opportunity for James River as well as our progress across a number of prioritized corporate initiatives. First and foremost, relative to market opportunities, we continue to believe that heightened discipline is essential in a transitioning marketplace, and James River has been well served by the refinement of our underwriting appetite, focus on smaller insureds, investment in underwriting governance and performance monitoring and prioritization on underwriting margin, particularly over the last several years. For 2026, we feel our greatest opportunity to push rate remains in our Excess Casualty division and the greatest opportunities for overall growth reside in our specialty lines division as well as our small business unit, underwriting areas that we feel hold the most attractive margin in today's marketplace. At the segment level, casualty rates were positive at 7.7% for the quarter and were consistent with our expectations. While pressure on rates has been most pronounced in our excess property division for several quarters now, we've also recently seen increasing competitive pressure in our primary general casualty department. And as a result, our underwriters are navigating opportunities in those lines with appropriate prudence. For the segment, submission growth was strong at 4%. And for the first time in several quarters, we modestly grew gross written premiums across our E&S Casualty and Specialty portfolios with 7 of our 14 underwriting divisions reporting positive growth. Excluding our manufacturers and contractors business, where we made refinements and appetite last year and our small delegated contract binding portfolio, which is currently in runoff, our casualty portfolio was up over 6% when compared to the prior year. Looking more closely at production, targeted growth during the quarter was driven by several areas I have highlighted this morning. In the aggregate, specialty lines were up 6%, driven by professional liability, energy and health care and excess casualty premiums increased 15%, largely driven by our underwriters' ability to continue to drive rate. As mentioned earlier, during 2026, the company has prioritized a number of initiatives aimed largely at making James River a more efficient organization while also significantly improving our business development acumen and expanding our presence with our distribution partners. Continuing the same discipline that we exhibited during 2025, we also reduced G&A expenses across the group during the quarter by 11%. Finally, as we discussed during last quarter's call, we are excited about the significant investments in technology that we believe will increase underwriting efficiency while improving the underwriting tools and resources available to our E&S underwriting staff. The rollout of AI-enabled underwriting workbench technology is already underway with our first 2 underwriting departments being rolled out this quarter, and we expect to report on the progress of the initiative in future quarters. We are confident that the combination of underwriting improvements and appetite changes we have made over the last several years in concert with continued expense vigilance and technology adoption will allow us to optimize our SME platform and further differentiate our very special wholesale-only distribution model. As we manage the market cycle, I'm encouraged by the uptick in focus production in areas we are hoping to scale and by our ability to continue to push rate where necessary as we navigate through 2026. It continues to be a dynamic and competitive marketplace, but we are well positioned to succeed, strongly supported by our underwriters and wholesale distribution partners. With that, I'll turn it over to Sarah to walk through the financial results in more detail.
Sarah Doran: Thank you, Frank, and good morning, everyone. This quarter, we reported a net loss to common shareholders of $10.9 million, which compares to net income of $7.6 million for the first quarter of 2025. Operating earnings were $5.8 million or $0.12 per diluted share as compared to $9.1 million or $0.19 per share. As Frank mentioned, our results this quarter were negatively impacted by $6.7 million of reinsurance reinstatement premiums, largely related to a single E&S claim from 2022 that was booked and settled in the first quarter and subject to our prior $9 million excess of $2 million casualty reinsurance treaty. The runoff structure of that treaty includes specific amounts of reinstatement premium potential for each accident year, leaving reinstatement premium aggregate exposure of about $9 million across accident years 2022 and prior. The structural changes that we made to that treaty should mitigate the forward impact of earnings volatility for accident years 2023 and on as we now pay a higher rate on such a premium upfront rather than pay meaningfully for these reinstatement premiums. Absent the reinsurance reinstatement impact, operating earnings would have been $0.22 per diluted share. This impact reduced net written premium, net earned premium and underwriting income for the quarter. It added approximately 5 points to the group combined ratio of 104.6%, including almost 2 points to our expense ratio, which was 35.4%. Absent this impact, the consolidated combined ratio would have been 99.7%, comprised of an adjusted loss ratio of 66% and expense ratio of 33.7%. For E&S specifically, the combined ratio of 96.5% was driven by a 68% loss ratio and a 28.5% expense ratio. And again, when adjusted for the impact of reinstatement premiums, the E&S combined ratio would be 91.8%, which is right in line with that of the prior quarter. Moving quickly to expenses. As Frank mentioned, expense efficiency continues to be a priority and G&A expenses declined 11% compared to the prior year quarter, driven by reductions within Specialty Admitted, where they were down 46% in the Corporate segment, where they were down 15%. Underlying loss trends remain stable, and the reserves continue to reflect improved risk selection in the more recent accident years. We recorded de minimis favorable reserve development of $165,000 split between E&S and Specialty Admitted. Consistent with the prior year period, and we continue to observe lower frequency and incurred losses in recent accident years, while remaining appropriately cautious in recognizing those trends as the business seasons. During the quarter, we ceded $16.2 million of development to the E&S top-up adverse development cover, which covers accident years 2010 through 2023. There is $7.5 million remaining on that cover. Finally, moving on to investments. Net investment income was $21.3 million for the quarter, an increase of 6.6% year-over-year. These results were driven by improved private investment income due to our move over the last 18 months to invest capital efficiently in private credit rated note vehicles as well as the deployment of cash into our high-grade portfolio. While we did have strong income from our diversified bank loan portfolio, which represents about 8% of our total cash and invested assets, we also saw some volatility there as the largest driver of net realized and unrealized investment losses. Overall, though, the portfolio remains positioned fairly conservatively with about 73% of it invested in high-grade fixed income at an average duration of 3.5 years and an A+ average credit rating. Tangible common equity per share declined modestly to $8.77, reflecting the combination of investment market movements and the impact of the legacy reinsurance structures. With that, I'll turn the call back to the operator to open the line for questions.
Operator: [Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Mark Hughes with Truist.
Mark Hughes: Frank, you had mentioned a little more competition in the primary general casualty. Where do you see that coming from? How significant do you think that is?
Frank D'Orazio: So in casualty lines, first of all, thanks for the question, Mark. In casualty lines, we've seen fairly aggressive MGAs and just an overall increase in capacity from carriers interested in the E&S sector as others, I think, have reported. We've also seen some of the newer competition not only competing on price, but in terms and conditions that at this point, seem unwise, particularly in the GC space. I mean fortunately, for James River, we've been in the sector for greater than 20 years with an existing portfolio and long-standing relationships with distribution partners and insurers. But we definitely see a break between underwriters being able to push rate in the excess lines versus the primary lines, much more significant. There seems to be more respect for loss trend from excess casualty underwriters at this point.
Mark Hughes: Understood. And then, Sarah, on the adverse development cover, the top-up cover, what through the total reserves that are covered by that? And then if you've got it in front of you, how much has been paid on those expected losses? Just trying to figure out what the paid versus unpaid is at this point on the relevant reserves.
Sarah Doran: Yes. Thanks, Mark, for the question. I don't have the page right in front of me, but very little of the reserves subject to those -- both of those structures would have been paid by now. I can certainly follow up with that. But order of magnitude, I would expect that number to be fairly low. And then the top-up adverse development cover and the other E&S ADC, LPT cover all E&S accident years 2010 through 2023 with the exception of the excess property book and the exception of the runoff Uber portfolio, which is covered by a legacy structure as well.
Mark Hughes: Understood. If I could slip a third one in. Frank, you talked about the AI-enabled technology on the underwriters work bench, I think. Could you expand a little bit more on that, kind of what are the kind of practical implications of their day-to-day underwriting activity? And what do you think it could mean in terms of either efficiency, underwriting effectiveness? Just curious.
Frank D'Orazio: Sure, Mark. So we spent the first -- really the last few years, I would say, kind of updating and upgrading our core systems, which has enabled us to now explore and invest in these AI-enabled work benches. And we see it as a competitive enabler just allowing us to optimize operational efficiency. But it really runs a gamut of clearance through risk prioritization against our appetite and production source relationships, data ingestion from third parties and ultimately, we will facilitate quote and buying processes. So we see it as a major efficiency play relative to being able to turn around quotes quicker and in a more targeted fashion.
Operator: Your next question comes from the line of Brian Meredith with UBS.
Brian Meredith: Frank, just following up on the market conditions. Perhaps you can kind of give us a little color on what's going on as far as movements between E&S and the admitted markets. We've heard that we're starting to see some business move back to the admitted market.
Frank D'Orazio: We've definitely seen that as well, particularly in property. We've definitely seen that. But we've now started to see it in some of the more standard lines like primary casualty as well. So from a primary basis, some lines that have historically been in the E&S marketplace now starting to attract some attention from standard markets as well. But I would say, to date, it's been most broadly observed in the property area for us specifically.
Brian Meredith: So would you like characterize as like a typical cycle here where business starts to move back a little bit? The market has been transitioning...
Frank D'Orazio: I'm sorry, Brian, did I catch that?
Brian Meredith: You think it will continue?
Frank D'Orazio: Yes. So listen, I think we're several quarters now into a transitioning market, and this is kind of an old story, right? So we start to see some of this business now get the attention of the admitted market. But I think it's going to be more specific to certain classes of business. And anybody who hangs a shingle, writes a primary general casualty capability or has a primary casualty capability. So that's an obvious choice as is property as well. We're seeing, I think, a little bit more resilience in some of the specialty lines.
Brian Meredith: Appreciate that. That's great. And then, Sarah, just one other just quick question on this reinstatement. Just trying to get my hands around it. So I think what's going on here, right, is that because there was perhaps some development on this claim is why you had the reinstatement premium come through. Is that true? So like if the treaty wasn't in effect, would there have been adverse development booked this quarter on this claim?
Sarah Doran: Well, that -- let me just be clear. The 9X 2, there's an awful that covers the majority of our E&S book. That's obviously a prospective treaty. So I want to differentiate that from the retrospective treaties. And we have reinstatement premiums pretty frequently. I think what stood out this quarter, Brian, was that it was more sizable. So it was a larger claim that settled. But there is a fair amount in that book that, that treaty protects us from on an ongoing basis.
Operator: [Operator Instructions] There are no further questions at this time. I will now turn the call back over to Frank D'Orazio, CEO, for any closing comments.
Frank D'Orazio: Thank you, moderator. I also want to thank everyone who listened to our call for their time and thoughtful questions this morning. While the quarter did have its headwinds, a very positive takeaway that remains is the underlying strength of the improved business model that we continue to build and most notably, the very targeted growth in Specialty and Casualty lines, the expense discipline and a team that is executing in today's market. We are well positioned for 2026 and look forward to keeping you updated on our progress in just a few months.
Operator: Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes today's call. Thank you all for joining, and you may now disconnect.